IN DRY EYE DISEASE
NATURAL TEARS ARE A RARE RESOURCE1,2
Dry eye disease is driven by a deficiency in natural tears, impacting the health of the ocular surface.1,3,4
1 in 2 patients with categorized dry eye disease present with inadequate tear production5
A decrease in natural tear production can be influenced by a variety of reasons, including the use of digital devices, aging, air pollution, and other daily vision stresses6,7
Tear deficiency can result in inflammation, peripheral nerve damage, and sensory abnormalities, including reduced stimulation of the lacrimal functional unit (LFU)8,9
THE IMPLICATIONS OF DRY EYE DISEASE GO BEYOND OCULAR SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS10-12
Dry eye disease often becomes chronic and progressive. It can negatively affect patients' physical and emotional health and result in a significant cost burden.1,11,13-16
THERE ARE SIGNIFICANT UNMET PATIENT NEEDS18
Managing dry eye disease upstream in the disease process by stimulating tear production has been shown to promote ocular surface homeostasis23
REFERENCES
1. Craig JP, Nichols KK, Akpek EK, et al. TFOS DEWS II definition and classification report. Ocul Surf. 2017;15:276-283.
2. Willcox MDP, Argüeso P, Georgiev GA, et al. TFOS DEWS II tear film report. Ocul Surf. 2017;15:366-403.
3. Bron AJ, de Paiva CS, Chauhan SK, et al. TFOS DEWS II pathophysiology report. Ocul Surf. 2017;15:438-510.
4. Nattinen J, Aapola U, Nukareddy P, Uusitalo H. Looking deeper into ocular surface health: an introduction to clinical tear proteomics analysis. Acta Ophthalmol. 2022;100:486-498.
5. Matossian C, Crowley M, Periman L, Sorkin S. Personalized management of dry eye disease: beyond artificial tears. Clin Ophthalmol. 2022;16:3911-3918.
6. Mathers WD, Lane JA, Zimmerman MB. Tear film changes associated with normal aging. Cornea. 1996;15:229-234.
7. Jones L, Downie LE, Korb D, et al. TFOS DEWS II management and therapy report. Ocul Surf. 2017;15:575-628.
8. Sack RA, Beaton A, Sathe S, Morris C, Willcox M, Bogart B. Towards a closed eye model of the pre-ocular tear layer. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2000;19:649-668.
9. Dieckmann G, Fregni F, Hamrah P. Neurostimulation in dry eye disease—past, present, and future. Ocul Surf. 2019;17:20-27.
10. Barber L, Khodai O, Croley T, et al. Dry eye symptoms and impact on vision-related function across International Task Force guidelines severity levels in the United States. BMC Ophthalmol. 2018;18:260. doi:10.1186/s12886-018-0919-7
11. Uchino M, Schaumberg DA. Dry eye disease: impact on quality of life and vision. Curr Ophthalmol Rep. 2013;1:51-57.
12. Akpek EK, Amescua G, Farid M, et al. American Academy of Ophthalmology Preferred Practice Pattern Cornea and External Disease Panel. Dry Eye Syndrome Preferred Practice Pattern®. Ophthalmology. 2019;126:P286-P334.
13. Galor A, Britten-Jones AC, Feng Y, et al. TFOS lifestyle: impact of lifestyle challenges on the ocular surface. Ocul Surf. 2023;28:262-303.
14. Basilious A, Xu CY, Malvankar-Mehta MS. Dry eye disease and psychiatric disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2022;32:1872-1889.
15. Chan C, Ziai S, Myageri V, Burns JG, Prokopich CL. Economic burden and loss of quality of life from dry eye disease in Canada. BMJ Open Ophthalmol. 2021;6:e000709.
16. Boboridis KG, Messmer EM, Benítez-Del-Castillo J, et al. Patient-reported burden and overall impact of dry eye disease across eight European countries: a cross-sectional web-based survey. BMJ Open. 2023;13:e067007.
17. Gupta A, Heigle T, Pflugfelder SC. Nasolacrimal stimulation of aqueous tear production. Cornea. 1997;16:645-648.
18. Cook N, Mullins A, Gautam R, et al. Evaluating patient experiences in dry eye disease through social media listening research. Ophthalmol Ther. 2019;8:407-420.
19. Restasis. Prescribing Information. Allergan; 2012. Accessed October 7, 2024. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/050790s020lbl
20. Hovanesian JA, Nichols KK, Jackson M, et al. Real-world experience with lifitegrast ophthalmic solution (Xiidra®) in the US and Canada: retrospective study of patient characteristics, treatment patterns, and clinical effectiveness in 600 patients with dry eye disease. Clin Ophthalmol. 2021;15:1041-1054.
21. Mbagwu M, LaPrise A. Characterization of discontinuation and switching patterns of dry eye disease medications using linked EHR registry and claims data. Paper presented at: American Society for Cataract and Refractive Surgery (ASCRS) Annual Meeting; April 5-8 2024; Boston, MA.
22. Morse H, Henneberger S, Reed J, et al. 2021 in American survey findings: living with chronic dry eye. ChronicDryEye. August 10, 2021. Accessed October 7, 2024. https://chronicdryeye.net/infographic/in-america-findings
23. Pflugfelder SC, Cao A, Galor A, Nichols KK, Cohen NA, Dalton M. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor stimulation: a new approach for stimulating tear secretion in dry eye disease. Ocul Surf. 2022;25:58-64.
